Editorial
Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol: The Other Side of the Mirror
Tiago Mesquita
19 May 2020, 12:54 pm
Andy Warhol produced a vast number of self-portraits throughout his career. One of the oldest records is a simple drawing from 1942. Later on, he replicated his own photos on his canvases, invented himself in features for cinema, multiplied his own image in Polaroid photos and in video images. He also worked hard on creating a character of himself that blends with the figure of the cultural industry and later on became a celebrity on TV, in gossip magazines and social columns.
An important part of his work was creating this persona. He’d appear wearing a wig, his skin loaded with makeup, using made-up phrases, affected gestures and biting humor. Nothing seemed spontaneous and natural. The artist on the canvas and in life strived to look like a projection of himself. In fact, he admired the capacity of drag queens to re-create gestures attributed to the opposite gender. He was interested in this reinvention of identity and, more than that, the annulment of any subjectivity.
Behind all these representations, the man in flesh and blood disappears. We now deal with projections that overlap one another. All we see is a smooth, graphic, brilliant and shiny surface. In an interview to Gretchen Berg, in 1967, the artist said: “If you want to know all about Andy Warhol, just look at the surface: of my paintings and films, and me, and there I am. There’s nothing behind it”.
Above: Image courtesy of Bergamin & Gomide and James Hedges Collection.
“If you want to know all about Andy Warhol, just look at the surface: of my paintings and films and me, and there I am. There’s nothing behind it.”, Andy Warhol, 1967.
Andy Warhol, "Grace Jones", 1984. Polaroid print, 10,8 x 8,6 cm. Image courtesy: Bergamin & Gomide and James Hedges Collection.
The portrait for Warhol is not a space where you unveil a personality, but rather the place where you project an image. It’s the re-creation of what he called “half-dimension”. A mediatic and marketing projection of this persona.
An image culture had disseminated itself at that time. This imagery would become a source for future generations. Distant places around the world, previously not accessible, appeared in movies and on TV. People began following stories built around the life, loves and misfortunes of celebrities. The life of music, movie, television and sports stars began being narrated beyond the screens, now in magazines. The image re-shaped the reflection of the world. Although partial, it affected multitudes.
Given this new reality, Warhol tries to think of a new meaning for art and a new role for artists. The high arts seem to inhabit the same circle as entertainment and the creation of fetishes, and the artist in the work of Warhol is also a mystifier, someone who creates a mediatic and marketed image of oneself. It’s this form of image creation, and the fragility of its beauty and of its promise, that interests the artist.
Andy Warhol, "Jerry Hall & Grace Jones", 1985. Gelatin Silver Print, 20,3 x 25,4 cm. Image courtesy: Bergamin & Gomide and James Hedges Collection.
In 1964, Andy Warhol transfers photos of his face to canvases. In this period, the artist begins to apply photos produced in his studio to paintings, having abandoned traditional painting techniques just a while before. He experimented graphic procedures like stencil, stamps and stickers until deciding on serigraphy. The technique enabled a photo to be printed on silkscreen and thus multiplied in series. The image came across as impersonal and seemed to have been done in a mechanical way.
The work is methodical, repetitive and intends to eliminate any traces of “personal style”. When using another person’s image, Warhol purchases the rights to the photo, rephotographs it and prints it on a silkscreen. From there, he transfers the figures serially, on different surfaces already covered with bright colors. The images are repeated like products displayed on a shelf. At times, they are juxtaposed, overlapped or presented in less regular arrangements. The colors don’t always match the contours of the figures and seem to lack definition.
In the same way that he used to pile boxes, cans, dollars, objects, he begins to pile celebrities like Troy Donahue, Warren Beatty, Natalie Wood, Marilyn Monroe, Liz Taylor and Elvis Presley. The artist – or his assistants – didn’t always use the same ink load to print the figures over this background, therefore, at times they appear clearer, while at others more erased or blurred. The effigies repeat themselves uninterruptedly on the colored canvas. It’s as if they appear and disappear, suggesting an oscillating presence of characters.
Andy Warhol, "Debbie Harry (Blondie) (close-up)", 1985. Gelatin Silver Print, 20,3 x 25,4 cm. Image courtesy: Bergamin & Gomide and James Hedges Collection.
Andy Warhol, "Jean-Michel Basquiat & private jet", 1983. Gelatin Silver Print, 25,4 x 20,3 cm. Image courtesy: Bergamin & Gomide and James Hedges Collection.
Photos of people or recognizable events are printed on the paintings. Events that people come into contact not through direct experience, but through the mediatic representations made in them. The artist deep dives into this system of sad idolatry, in which characters only exist as images. Elizabeth Taylor’s marriage crises are known through photos and gossip. The same can be said about Elvis Presley’s problems with amphetamines, and the beauty, the glory and the death of Marilyn Monroe. Tragedies, commotions and intrigues, everything is revealed to us by these half figures. We think we know them through media representations.
A lot of what Warhol thinks of images comes from this type of rehearsed relationship of the character in the image. It’s the conversion of events, of characters, of objects in this “half-dimension”. In it, the picture is not an exact image of the portrayed, but at the same time it is. It appears as a fleshless and artificial image of whoever.
When he decides to create self-portraits, Warhol thinks about inserting his persona in this system of images. When the figure decides to abandon flesh and become an idol. More than that, Warhol tries to act as if intervening and reflecting on the dissemination and production mode of this culture in large US urban centers.
In addition to creating a system for becoming a star, creating his own photos, making his movies and producing other artists, he also transforms his own image in a stellar figure. This passes through the self-portraits and forging of a self-image.
Andy Warhol, "Andy in Drag Having Makeup Done", 1981. Polaroid print, 10,8 x 8,6 cm. Image courtesy: Bergamin & Gomide and James Hedges Collection.
At this moment, the artist tries to create an interesting and mysterious image not of Andy Warhol the man, but the myth. Of this easily recognizable figure. However, the face seems failed, incomplete, erased. The character he was is no longer there and the one he wanted to be was never completed. The artist paints this character countless times without the image ever attaching itself perfectly. In trying to convert himself into a “photographic beauty” made of light and make up, he shows that this promise is fake, a fragile fantasy.
In portraying himself in Polaroids, the artist shows the possibility of other lives, of pretending to be what he never was, but this dream is a fake fantasy. The happiness fades quickly. Once the photo is developed, the artist would go to the sink and all promises would wash away with the water. They are joys that don’t always remediate the pain and suffering of life, they only promise a passing euphoria.
In Warhol’s resigned aesthetic, life promises little. You be lucky enough to eat the same meal every day, be invited to a party, listen to a song on the radio that brings back memories, become famous and adored like an idol – even if the idol does not become totally fused with the person. And, even if the promises of diamonds, fur coats and champagne are fulfilled, the next day is an interminable hangover.
Andy Warhol, "Jed Johnson in Orange", n.d. Polaroid print, 10,8 x 8,6 cm. Image courtesy: Bergamin & Gomide and James Hedges Collection.
Andy Warhol, "Andre Leon Talley", n.d. Polaroid print, 10,8 x 8,6 cm. Image courtesy: Bergamin & Gomide and James Hedges Collection.
Andy Warhol, "Diana Vreeland", 1973. Polaroid print, 10,8 x 8,6 cm. Image courtesy: Bergamin & Gomide and James Hedges Collection.
His first self-portraits follow schematic posing models and impersonal photography forms. Warhol poses in those 3×4 photo booths and uses these instant photos as the motif of paintings. He seeks to work with images he doesn’t control. Therefore, he doesn’t deal with the click. They are images where he tries to rehearse an idea of photographic beauty. His skin is redone in a smooth texture, with acrylic paint, but the body, even though it’s painted in unnatural colors, does not seem to fully match what’s rehearsed.
That’s why, in one of his best self-portraits, he seems to be hiding his face. In a series he painted between 1966 and 1967, Warhol prints a close-up image several times in which he appears with half his head shaded and with a hand under his chin and two fingers covering his mouth.
In his best works, he paints the background in one color, the part of the face that is visible in another, and the shaded part of his face, the hair, and a stripe on the left margin in a third color. It’s this color that outlines Warhol’s eyes, nose and mouth. As such, what’s left of his face is the projection of a shade. We only identify the artist by this delicate shade, in high contrast with the colored paint in the background.
This text was originally published in the first edition of SP-Arte Magazine, April 2018.
Tiago Mesquita is an art history professor and art critic. With a PhD in Philosophy from the University of São Paulo, he has published works in Revista Fevereiro, Folha de S. Paulo, Frieze (London), Novos Estudos Cebrap, O Público (Lisbon) and Quatro cinco um. As a curator, he has organized exhibits of artists such as David Drew Zingg and José Bezerra. Published books include Rodrigo Andrade: The Resistance of Matter, Paulo Monteiro: The Inside of Distance and Imagem útil, imagem inútil [Useful Image, Useless Image].
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